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Manipuler le Genome,l'homme controle desormais son evolution

 
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M.O.P.
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MessagePosté le: Sam 08 Sep 2012 16:11    Sujet du message: Manipuler le Genome,l'homme controle desormais son evolution Répondre en citant

ENCODE: Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements
http://youtu.be/Y3V2thsJ1Wc


ENCODE: ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENCODE

Citation:
The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research consortium[2] launched by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in September 2003.[1][3][4][5] The goal is to find all functional elements in the human genome, one of the most critical projects by NHGRI after it completed the successful Human Genome Project. All data generated in the course of the project will be released rapidly into public databases.

On 5 September 2012, initial results of the project were released in a coordinated set of 30 papers published in the journals Nature, Genome Biology, and Genome Research.[6][7] These publications combine to show that at least 80% of noncoding DNA in the human genome is biologically active, rather than being merely "junk" as once believed. This is significant since 98% of the human genome is non-coding, meaning that it does not directly encode any protein sequences.


Researchers identify biochemical functions for most of the human genome: New map finds genetic regulatory elements account for 80 percent of our DNA
http://www.kurzweilai.net/researchers-identify-biochemical-functions-for-most-of-the-human-genome



Only about 1 percent of the human genome contains gene regions that code for proteins, raising the question of what the rest of the DNA is doing.

Scientists have now begun to discover the answer: About 80 percent of the genome is biochemically active, and likely involved in regulating the expression of nearby genes, according to a study from a large international team of researchers.

The consortium, known as ENCODE (which stands for “Encyclopedia of DNA Elements”), includes hundreds of scientists from several dozen labs around the world. Using genetic sequencing data from 140 types of cells, the researchers were able to identify thousands of DNA regions that help fine-tune genes’ activity and influence which genes are expressed in different kinds of cells.

Just as the sequencing of the human genome helped scientists learn how mutations in protein-coding genes can lead to disease, the new map of noncoding regions should provide some answers on how mutations in the regulatory elements lead to diseases such as lupus and diabetes, says Manolis Kellis, an associate professor of computer science at MIT, an associate member of the Broad Institute and an author of a paper describing the findings in an open-access article i the Sept. 5 online edition of Nature.

“Humans are 99.9 percent identical to each other, and you only have one difference in every 300 to 1,000 nucleotides,” Kellis says. “What ENCODE allows you to do is provide an annotation of what each nucleotide of the genome does, so that when it’s mutated, we can make some predictions about the consequences of the mutation.”

Kellis, who leads MIT’s Computational Biology Group, is one of the principal investigators involved in the Nature paper. The ENCODE collaboration is publishing about two dozen additional papers this week detailing the new results.

Mapping noncoding DNA
ENCODE was established in 2003 to extend our understanding of the human genome beyond protein-coding genes. One way to do that is by studying the chemical modifications of individual stretches of DNA, which control when genetic regions will be active. These modifications vary by cell type and can modify either DNA directly or the histone proteins that DNA wraps around.

To map these modifications, known collectively as the epigenome, the research groups had to collect many different kinds of data from different cell types. Some labs measured DNA or histone modifications, while others gauged the accessibility of different stretches of DNA by cutting it into fragments with enzymes.

Kellis and his group were among the computational scientists leading the effort to analyze and integrate the huge amount of data generated by different labs. “Given that we were getting more than 1,000 data sets, we had to figure out ways to automatically calibrate experiments,” says Anshul Kundaje, a research scientist in MIT’s Computational Biology Group. “We developed an almost purely automated system that did all of this.”

The ENCODE researchers found that 80 percent of the genome experiences some kind of biochemical event, such as binding to proteins that regulate how often a neighboring gene is utilized. They also discovered that the same regulatory region can play different roles, depending on what type of cell it’s acting in.

The findings should have a major impact on scientists’ understanding of human biology and how genomic variations can cause disease, says Ben Raphael, an associate professor of computer science at Brown University.

“The most exciting part is now we’re getting a whole genome annotation of functional elements,” says Raphael, who was not part of the research team. “Every time you want to understand what a particular piece of the genome is doing, you can use the data from this project.”

Human variation
The researchers also studied the conservation of nucleotides — the A, T, C and G “letters” of DNA — in the newly identified regulatory regions. Nucleotides are conserved if they remain the same over long evolutionary periods, which can be measured by analyzing the variability between species, or among individuals within a species.

A recent paper by Kellis and colleagues showed that 5 percent of noncoding DNA is conserved across mammals. In one of the ENCODE companion papers appearing online Sept. 5 in Science, Kellis and MIT postdoc Lucas Ward show that an additional 4 percent is conserved within the human lineage, suggesting that those elements control recently evolved traits, some of which are unique to humans.

When the researchers looked at the functions of genes near newly evolved regulatory regions, they found many genes that encode regulators that activate other genes. “Genes involved in the nerve growth pathway and color vision, both of which have been hypothesized to be recent innovations in the primate lineage, are enriched in human-constrained elements in non-conserved regions,” Ward says.

The researchers found that the most highly conserved nucleotides were also the ones most likely to be associated with disease when mutated. They also showed that variants associated with autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis are located in regions active only in immune cells, while variants linked to metabolic diseases are in regions active only in liver cells.

In their next phase, the ENCODE researchers hope to determine just how those variations lead to human disease.

“What we’ve done over this series of papers is effectively paint a set of reference annotations of common human genome function,” Kellis says. “Our next steps will be to personalize these maps — to basically ask how they vary naturally between individuals, by profiling different cell types from different people, and how their variation relates to human disease and complex human traits.”

In one follow-up project, Kellis and colleagues are comparing activity levels of regulatory elements in different cell types from the same person, across many individuals. Another project is looking at DNA modification patterns across the entire genome of many individuals, in hopes of identifying how variation of specific elements relates to disease.

The research was funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute.
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Dernière édition par M.O.P. le Sam 08 Sep 2012 17:17; édité 1 fois
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MessagePosté le: Sam 08 Sep 2012 16:17    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

Arrow Documentaire:PBS-Nova: Cracking Your Genetic Code
http://youtu.be/WwHdk6-u__0

Citation:
Using genetic information to diagnose and cure disease
''Know thyself.'' / ''The burden of knowing.''
Air Date 28 March 2012



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Dernière édition par M.O.P. le Sam 08 Sep 2012 16:27; édité 1 fois
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MessagePosté le: Sam 08 Sep 2012 16:19    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

Arrow Documentaire: BBC. Miracle Cure. A Decade of the Human Genome
http://youtu.be/XZakYDsL5Ic


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MessagePosté le: Sam 08 Sep 2012 16:49    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

Arrow Important, beaucoup de scientifiques toubabs qui travaillent sur les genes sont des racistes par exemple James D. Watson qui a recu le prix nobel pour la decouverte de la structure de l'ADN en 1953. Et ces gens apprennent a manipuler notre genome, avec de plus en plus de succes !!!

Serie Documentaire de la Chaine americaine PBS: DNA
http://docuwiki.net/index.php?title=DNA



Arrow 1- The Secret of Life
http://youtu.be/yWNqMm_GR-g
Citation:
Fifty years after the discovery of the double helix, this film re-assesses the classic story of how Jim Watson and Francis Crick worked out the double helix structure of DNA. This is the definitive documentary account of how the human race found the secret of life. It reveals how a gawky American biologist, with a strong interest in birds came to team up with a cocky, but brilliant physicist in Cambridge, England. Against all the odds, they decided to tackle the problem of the century: was DNA the key to life?



Arrow 2- Playing God
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fuEoVjyWzo8&feature=share&list=PL79AAFA58835CBDFD

Citation:
In 1973, two scientists, Herb Boyer and Stan Cohen, became the first genetic engineers when they transferred the DNA from one species to another. Their experiment triggered a wave of controversy about the dangers of genetic manipulation, but it also generated a multi-billion dollar industry. Was altering the genetic makeup of plants and animals a threat to humanity or the key to alleviating a host of health problems? Biologists, along with lawyers and journalists from all over the world, were called to a meeting in California to decide the future of DNA research.


Arrow 3- The Human Race
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mF3r9UhBuxw&feature=share&list=PL79AAFA58835CBDFD

Citation:
The race to discover the structure of DNA was eclipsed by another race - to catalogue three billion letters of code that make up human DNA. The practical applications and profit potential of mapping the human genome, a virtual instruction manual of the human being, were extensive, from DNA fingerprinting to fighting cancer. In an exclusive interview for this film, President Bill Clinton discusses his involvement in the historic race, which ultimately became a battle.


Arrow 4- Curing Cancer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-BRcktorKE&feature=share&list=PL79AAFA58835CBDFD

Citation:
In 1994, Bud Romine was diagnosed with an incurable type of cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). He was given three years to live. In 1996, a newspaper article caught his eye. It described how a local doctor and researcher, Brian Druker, was looking to test a new kind of cancer drug that targets the damaged gene responsible for CML.In 1997, months away from death, Romine became the first patient ever to take a drug called Gleevec.Within 17 days his leukemia had completely disappeared.


Arrow 5- Pandoras Box
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LfU5pY9Sf20&feature=share&list=PL79AAFA58835CBDFD

Citation:
In the final programme, James Watson gives a tour of the future of DNA science. He believes it should be used to change the human race. His views are both extraordinary and extremely controversial. Watson argues for a new kind of eugenics - where parents are allowed to choose the DNA of their children - to make them healthier, more intelligent, even better looking. This film is his journey through the subject, from a gas chamber in Germany where the mentally ill were murdered by the Nazis to labs today where scientists have found ways to create new strands of DNA. In the program, Dr. Kay Jamison, a renowned neuroscientist who is manic depressive, and the parents of a child with Down's Syndrome make a case for the value of differences among people in society.

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MessagePosté le: Sam 08 Sep 2012 17:14    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

Arrow Documentaire sur la biologie synthetique: BBC Horizon 2012 Playing God ¦ 720p
http://youtu.be/Rvz27Dn137g

Avec le pouvoir de manipuler le genome, quel Pouvoir a l'etre humain aujourd'hui, qu'est il capable de realiser avec ce pouvoir ?

Citation:
Adam Rutherford meets a new creature created by American scientists - the spider-goat. It is part goat, part spider, and its milk can be used to create artificial spider's web.

It is part of a new field of research, synthetic biology, with a radical aim: to break down nature into spare parts so that we can rebuild it however we please.

This technology is already being used to make bio-diesel to power cars. Other researchers are looking at how we might, one day, control human emotions by sending 'biological machines' into our brains.


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MessagePosté le: Sam 10 Mai 2014 21:15    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

Contrôler le Génome Une Ambition Sans Limites
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oM_DkcAVlCQ

Documentaire qui est passe sur la Chaine TV Arte:

Citation:
La Chine a mis en place la plus vaste entreprise de séquençage génétique du vivant. C'est ainsi qu'à la tête de l'unité de recherche de génomique cognitive, Zhao Bowen (21 ans) tente de découvrir les gènes associés à l'intelligence dans l'espoir de permettre bientôt aux parents de pouvoir "manipuler le QI" de leur progéniture. Un saisissant voyage dans un futur très proche.



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MessagePosté le: Mer 14 Mai 2014 07:50    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

d.p.
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Dernière édition par Krakatau le Mer 14 Mai 2014 07:58; édité 1 fois
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MessagePosté le: Mer 14 Mai 2014 07:51    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

double post
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Dernière édition par Krakatau le Mer 14 Mai 2014 07:53; édité 1 fois
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MessagePosté le: Mer 14 Mai 2014 07:52    Sujet du message: Répondre en citant

[quote]La Chine a mis en place la plus vaste entreprise de séquençage génétique du vivant. C'est ainsi qu'à la tête de l'unité de recherche de génomique cognitive, Zhao Bowen (21 ans) tente de découvrir les gènes associés à l'intelligence dans l'espoir de permettre bientôt aux parents de pouvoir "manipuler le QI" de leur progéniture. Un saisissant voyage dans un futur très proche.[/quote]

...la question que je me pose serait "quelle rétroaction cela aurait sur l'élite intellectuelle de l' humanité" en admettant que ces mutants deviendraient plus intelligent que l' humanité d' ascendance génétique naturelle

A cela, quel contrôle préalable possible car le conséquentes nous dépasseraient INTRINSEQUEMENT !
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