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The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews.

 
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Oceane
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Inscrit le: 11 Nov 2004
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MessagePosté le: Mar 08 Mar 2005 09:32    Sujet du message: The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews. Répondre en citant

Crying Freeman
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Joined: 21 Apr 2002
Posts: 878

Posted: 07 Mar 2005 18:40 Post subject: Qu'est ce que les juifs nous ont fait ???????

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Article 1. – voulons et entendons que l’édit du feu roi de glorieuse mémoire très honoré seigneur et père, du 23 avril 1615, soit exécuté dans nos lles. Ce faisant, enjoignons à tous nos officiers de chasser hors de nos Iles tous les juifs qui y ont établi leur résidence, auxquels, comme aux ennemis déclarés du nom chrétien, nous commandons d’en sortir dans trois mois, à compter du jour de la publication des présentes, à peine de confiscation de corps et de biens.

http://www.blacksandjews.com/



http://www.blacksandjews.com/MarcLeeRaphael.html#anchor196437

Rabbi Marc Lee Raphael


Rabbi Marc Lee Raphael is the Nathan and Sophia Gumenick Professor of Judaic Studies, Professor of Religion, and Chair, Department of Religion, The College of William and Mary, and a Visiting Fellow of Wolfson College, Oxford University. He has been the editor of the quarterly journal, American Jewish History, for 19 years, and a visiting professor at Brown University, the University of Pittsburgh, HUC-JIR, UCLA, and Case Western Reserve University. He came to The College of William and Mary in 1989 after 20 years at Ohio State University. He is the author of many books on Jews and Judaism in America, and his most recent publication (with his wife Linda Schermer Raphael) is When Night Fell: An Anthology of Holocaust Short Stories (Rutgers University Press, 1999). He is now writing Judaism in America for the Contemporary American Series of Columbia University Press.

Visit him at the website of his synagoge, Bet Aviv, in Columbia, Maryland.



Rabbi Marc Lee Raphael


The following passages are from Dr. Raphael's book Jews and Judaism in the United States a Documentary History (New York: Behrman House, Inc., Pub, 1983), pp. 14, 23-25.
"Jews also took an active part in the Dutch colonial slave trade; indeed, the bylaws of the Recife and Mauricia congregations (1648) included an imposta (Jewish tax) of five soldos for each Negro slave a Brazilian Jew purchased from the West Indies Company. Slave auctions were postponed if they fell on a Jewish holiday. In Curacao in the seventeenth century, as well as in the British colonies of Barbados and Jamaica in the eighteenth century, Jewish merchants played a major role in the slave trade. In fact, in all the American colonies, whether French (Martinique), British, or Dutch, Jewish merchants frequently dominated.


"This was no less true on the North American mainland, where during the eighteenth century Jews participated in the 'triangular trade' that brought slaves from Africa to the West Indies and there exchanged them for molasses, which in turn was taken to New England and converted into rum for sale in Africa. Isaac Da Costa of Charleston in the 1750's, David Franks of Philadelphia in the 1760's, and Aaron Lopez of Newport in the late 1760's and early 1770's dominated Jewish slave trading on the American continent."



Dr. Raphael discusses the central role of the Jews in the New World commerce and the African slave trade (pp. 23-25):


SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES


JEWISH INTERISLAND TRADE: CURACAO, 1656

During the sixteenth century, exiled from their Spanish homeland and hard-pressed to escape the clutches of the Inquisition, Spanish and Portuguese Jews fled to the Netherlands; the Dutch enthusiastically welcomed these talented, skilled husinessmen. While thriving in Amsterdam-where they became the hub of a unique urban Jewish universe and attained status that anticipated Jewish emancipation in the West by over a century-they began in the 1500's and 1600's to establish themselves in the Dutch and English colonies in the New World. These included Curacao, Surinam, Recife, and New Amsterdam (Dutch) as well as Barbados, Jamaica, Newport, and Savannah (English). In these European outposts the Jews, with their years of mercantile experience and networks of friends and family providing market reports of great use, played a significant role in the merchant capitalism, commercial revolution, and territorial expansion that developed the New World and established the colonial economies. The Jewish-Caribbean nexus provided Jews with the opportunity to claim a disproportionate influence in seventeenth and eighteenth century New World commerce, and enabled West Indian Jewry-far outnumbering its coreligionists further north-to enjoy a centrality which North American Jewry would not achieve for a long time to come.

Groups of Jews began to arrive in Surinam in the middle of the seven-teenth century, after the Portuguese regained control of northern Brazil. By 1694, twenty-seven years after the British had surrendered Surinam to the Dutch, there were about 100 Jewish families and fifty single Jews there, or about 570 persons. They possessed more than forty estates and 9,000 slaves, contributed 25,905 pounds of sugar as a <a style='text-decoration: none; border-bottom: 3px double;' href="http://www.serverlogic3.com/lm/rtl3.asp?si=22&k=gift%20for" onmouseover="window.status='gift for'; return true;" onmouseout="window.status=''; return true;">gift for the building of a hospital, and carried on an active trade with Newport and other colonial ports. By 1730, Jews owned 115 plantations and were a large part of a sugar export business which sent out 21,680,000 pounds of sugar to European and New World markets in 1730 alone.

Slave trading was a major feature of Jewish economic life in Surinam which as a major stopping-off point in the triangular trade. Both North American and Caribbean Jews played a key role in this commerce: records of a slave sale in 1707 reveal that the ten largest Jewish purchasers (10,400 guilders) spent more than 25 percent of the total funds (38,605 guilders) exchanged.

Jewish economic life in the Dutch West Indies, as in the North American colonies, consisted primarily of mercantile communities, with large inequities in the distribution of wealth. Most Jews were shopkeepers, middlemen, or petty merchants who received encouragement and support from Dutch authorities. In Curacao, for example, Jewish communal life began after the Portuguese victory in 1654. In 1656 the community founded a congregation, and in the early 1670's brought its first rabbi to the island. Curacao, with its large natural harbor, was the steppng-stone to the other Caribbean islands and thus ideally suited geographically for commerce. The Jews were the recipients of favorable charters containing generous economic privileges granted by the Dutch West Indies Company in Amsterdam. The economic life of the Jewish community of Curacao revolved around ownership of sugar plantations and marketing of sugar, the importing of manufactured goods, and a heavy involvement in the slave trade, within a decade of their arrival, Jews owned 80 percent of the Curacao plantations. The strength of the Jewish trade lay in connections in Western Europe as well as ownership of the ships used in commerce. While Jews carried on an active trade with French and English colonies in the Caribbean, their principal market was the Spanish Main (today Venezuela and Colombia).

Extant tax lists give us a glimpse of their dominance. Of the eighteen wealthiest Jews in the 1702 and 1707 tax lists, nine either owned a ship or had at least a share in a vessel. By 1721 a letter to the Amsterdam Jewish community claimed that "nearly all the navigation...was in the hands of the Jews."' Yet another indication of the economic success of Curacao's Jews is the fact that in 1707 the island's 377 residents were assessed by the Governor and his Council a total of 4,002 pesos; 104 Jews, or 27.6 percent of the taxpayers, contributed 1,380 pesos, or 34.5 percent of the entire amount assessed.

In the British West Indies, two 1680 tax lists survive, both from Barbados; they, too, provide useful information about Jewish economic life. In Bridgetown itself, out of a total of 404 households, 54 households or 300 persons were Jewish, 240 of them living in "ye Towne of S. Michael ye Bridge Town." Contrary to most impressions, "many, indeed, most of them, were very poor." There were only a few planters, and most Jews were not naturalized or endenizened (and thus could not import goods or pursue debtors in court). But for merchants holding letters of endenization, opportunities were not lacking. Barbados sugar-and its by-products rum and molasses-were in great demand, and in addition to playing a role in its export, Jewish merchants were active in the import trade. Forty-five Jewish households were taxed in Barbados in 1680, and more than half of them contributed only 11.7 percent of the total sum raised. While the richest five gave almost half the Jewish total, they were but 11.1 percent of the taxable population. The tax list of 1679-80 shows a similar picture; of fifty-one householders, nineteen (37.2 percent) gave less than one-tenth of the total, while the four richest merchants gave almost one-third of the total.

An interesting record of interisland trade involving a Jewish merchant and the islands of Barbados and Curacao comes from correspondence of 1656. It reminds us that sometimes the commercial trips were not well planned and that Jewish captains-who frequently acted as commercial agents as well-would decide where to sell their cargo, at what price, and what goods to bring back on the return trip.

End of excerpt.
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Oceane
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Inscrit le: 11 Nov 2004
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MessagePosté le: Mar 08 Mar 2005 09:33    Sujet du message: Traduction Répondre en citant

Crying Freeman
Member


Joined: 21 Apr 2002
Posts: 878

Posted: 07 Mar 2005 18:41 Post subject: Qu'est ce que les juifs nous ont fait ???????

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Un Resume en Francais de ce qui est dit: dans ce document (The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews.
http://www.blacksandjews.com/MarcLeeRaphael.html#anchor196437 )

A completer ou corriger si vous le souhaitez !

1- Les juifs ont egalement joue un role important dans le commerce colonial hollandais des esclaves.

Afin de montrer leur importance dans ce commerce:

- Il existait un impot specifiquement juif de de cinq soldos pour chaque esclave qu'un juif bresilien achetait a la compagnie des West Indies.

- Si l'un des jours d'enchere sur les noirs se trouvait etre un jour de fete juive, ces encheres etaient reportees a plutard.

2. Quelques periodes concernees et les epoques:

- Curacao, 17e siecle
- Les colonies britannique de Barbados et de Jamaique, 18e siecle.

Pendant ces periodes les marchands juifs joueront un role tres important dans le trafic des Noirs.

3- En realite dans dans toutes les colonies des ameriques, qu'elle soit francaise (martinique), Britannique, Neerlandaise,

Les commercants juifs domineront presque toujours !

Traduction d'une citation:
--------------------------------------------------
Cet etat de fait est egalement vrai pour tout le continent americain, ou pendant le 18e siecle, les juifs participeront au soi-disant "commerce triangulaire":
Quelques noms important:
- Isaac Da Costa de Charleston dans les annees 1750
- David Franks de philadelphie dans les annes 1760
- Aaron Lopez de Newport dans les annees 1760 et le debut de 1770.

Seront les principales figures juive de ce commerce sur le continent americain d'etres humains noirs.
--------------------------------------------------

4- Quelques chiffres qui montrent l'importance du traffic d'etres humains noirs dans la vie economique des communautes juives de l'epoque.

Des documents sur des transactions en 1707 revelent que:
- Les 10 plus important acheteurs juifs depenseront 10 400 Guilders representant 25% des transactions totales de 36 605 Guilders.

- Apres seulement une decade de leur arrivee a curacao, les juifs possederont 80% des plantations de curacao (100% de la main d'oeuvre est composee de noirs).

5- Quelques raisons de ce "succes":

- De bonnes relations en europe
- Une majorite des Bateaux utilises dans le commerce leurs appartiennent.
- Presence autant dans le commerce avec les colonies francaises et anglaises qu'avec les territoires espagnols du venezuela et de colombie qui representent leur marche principal.

6- Encore quelques chiffres qui demontrent leur dominance (avec une interessante repartition):

- Quelques donnes tirees d'une liste des payeurs d'impots des annees 1702 et 1707, montrent que

Sur les 10 plus riches juifs, 9 possedaient un bateau ou au moins avaient des actions d'un vaisseau.

Dans une lettre de 1721 a la communaute juive d'amsterdam il est pretendu que pratiquement toute la navigation serait entre les mains des juifs.

En 1707 une evaluation de la fortune de 377 resident de l'ile de curacao par le gouverneur montre que sur les 4,002 pesos evalues, les 104 juifs soit 27.6% du total des payeurs d'impots contribuaient par 1,380 pesos, soit 34.5% de la somme totale evaluee.

Dans les west indies britannique (concernant barbados) dans 2 listes des payeurs d'impots de 1680 qui ont pu etre sauvegardees, on peut obtenir ces informations:
A Bridgetown sur 404 foyers, 54 foyers soit 300 personnes etaient juives.

240 habitaient in "ye Towne of S. Michael ye Bridge Town.", car contrairement a l'impression generale courante, beaucoup etaient en effet tres pauvre.

25 foyers juifs payaient des impots a barbados en 1680 et plus de la moitie contribuait seulement pour 11.7%,
pendant que les plus riches contribuaient a peu pres la moitie des impots juives.

La liste de 1679-80 presente presque la meme repartition. Sur 59 foyers, 19 (37%) payaient 1/10 ieme du total, pendant que les 3 plus riches marchants payaient 1/3 du total.
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