Posté le: Lun 09 Jan 2006 15:05 Sujet du message: peuple noir
Merci NALLYTER , j'ai appris beaucoup de choses sur les Noirs d'Asie . Je ne savais pas qu'il y avait autant de similitudes entre les négro-africains ( notamment mandingues et koushites ) et les dravidiens par exemple .
Décidemment en anglais , les infos sont beaucoup trop riches sur le monde noir par rapport en français ( d'ailleurs pourquoi cette énorme disparité c'est bizarre quand même ) , on apprend qu'il y avait aussi bien des nègres en Asie , en Amérique ( Californie , Mexique , Caraibes bien avant Christophe Colomb ) , en Asie et Océanie comme quoi , le monde noir est très très vaste ( " 1.4 billion of blacks " nous apprend l'auteur du site hallucinant quoi moi qui croyait qu'on était 900 millions au grand maximum ) .
Inscrit le: 06 Mai 2005 Messages: 1655 Localisation: Au sein de mon Empire
Posté le: Lun 09 Jan 2006 22:48 Sujet du message: Re: peuple noir
elias anderson a écrit:
( d'ailleurs pourquoi cette énorme disparité c'est bizarre quand même )
Rien de bizarre, il faut savoir que les francophones leucodermes sont les pires japhétiens de la planète.
Ils n'ont pas besoin de cagoule blanche, leur hypocrisie et leur fourberie faisant largement l'affaire.
Qu'à cela ne tienne, le mensonge peut courrir un millénaire, la vérité le rattrapera en un seul jour.
Pour le reste rien à dire, Paul Barton n'en fini plus de me surprendre tant par la fraîcheur de ses découvertes sur les civilisations kamito-américaines et autres que par la pertinence de ses analyses.
Ne perdez pas de vue que chaque découverte appèle autrement plus de questions qu'elle n'apporte de réponses. Aussi, ne vous contentez surtout pas de vous abreuver des connaissances des autres, il appartient à tout un chacun, de non seulement faire tourner l'info, mais de poursuivre le travail de nos ainés en faisant nos propres recherches.
Nous avons un monde à reconstruire : le nôtre !!!
Hotep, Soundjata _________________ La vérité rougit l'oeil, mais ne saurait le transpercer
Voir aussi l'excellent livre de Runoko Rashidi, première parution en français: Histoire millénaire des Africains en Asie, qui contient également de magnifiques photos.
Posté le: Mer 11 Jan 2006 14:38 Sujet du message: peuple noir en asie
@ NALLYTER très intéressant ton article sur le Mexique , moi aussi quand j'étais étudiant , j'avais rencontré un mexicain qui avait le phénotype négroide , la peau très mate et les cheveux très frisés .
A 1ère vue , je l'avais pris pour un mulâtre des Caraibes et quel ne fût pas ma surprise lorsqu'il me dit qu'il était mexicain . A vrai dire , à cette époque , je ne m'intéressai pas du tout aux civilisations pré-colombiennes et encore moins à l'Amérique latine et surtout j'étais loin de m'en douter qu'il y avait des esclaves nègres au Mexique ( tout comme au CHILI et en ARGENTINE ) durant la traite négrière transatlantique .
Aujourd'hui , étant au courant qu'il y avait des nègres au Mexique et qu'il y en a toujours , je comprends mieux pourquoi certains mexicains ont le phénotype négroide . De toute manière beaucoup de nègres en France ne savent pas du tout qu'il y a des noirs au Mexique de nos jours . Autant , il nous est évident qu'il y a des noirs au Brésil , à Cuba , en République Dominicaine ou en Colombie mais alors au Mexique voire en Argentine , ça nous paraîtra plus que énigmatique .
Sinon , je voudrais rebondir sur le site de PAUL BARTON et faire une petite digression . A un moment , il parle des peuples hors du continent africain qui ont été influencé par les négro-africains et qui ont même subi une présence négro-africaine . Il parle de l'Espagne , du Mexique , de l'Asie mais aussi de l'Irlande et de l'Ecosse . Et quelle ne fût pas ma surprise lorsque j'apprends sur son site qu'il y a eu une présence négro-africaine en Irlande et en Ecosse il y a de cela plusieurs siècles d'autant plus que j'en avais le soupçon .
En effet , l'équivalent de MAURE en anglais est MOOR ( THE MOORISH ) . Or beaucoup de patronymes anglo-saxons en l'occurence irlandais et américains sont formés à partir de la racine MOOR comme les patronymes suivants : MOORE , MORRISSON . Le peu que j'en sais est que ces patronymes anglo-saxons comme MOORE ou MORRISON font référence à certains ancêtres négro-africains des anglo-saxons .
De plus , pas mal d'Irlandais , d'Ecossais ou d'Anglo-saxons en général ont les cheveux bien bruns , la peau brune dans un climat nord-européen ( au nord de la France ) ce qui m'a toujours semblé étrange et je me suis dit que ces gens-là devaient avoir sûrement du sang noir comme c'est le cas de pas mal de Siciliens , de Corses ou d'Espagnols .
Par exemple certains Irlandais , Ecossais ou Gallois ont le phénotype de méditerranéens voire de sémites comme s'ils avaient un ancêtre négro-africain dans leur généalogie .
J'en veux pour preuve un acteur écossais comme SEAN CONNERY qui est très typé pour un anglo-saxon et qui ressemble étrangement à un sémite , à un métis des Caraibes ou de l'Amérique du Sud .
Je peux prendre aussi comme exemples le footballeur Irlandais ROY KEANE , l'acteur irlando-américain KEVIN SPACEY , l'acteur irlandais COLIN FARRELL ou encore l'actrice galloise CATHERINE ZETA-JONES qui ont tous les cheveux noirs de jais et qui peuvent passer très facilement pour des méditerranéens , des latins , des sémites etc...
Bref , je ne connais pas du tout la généalogie de ces 5 " stars du showbiz " , il ne s'agit que d'hypothèses mais remarquez qu'ils sont très typés / " bronzés " pour des anglo-saxons / Nord-Européens ou pour des descendants d'anglo-saxons comme c'est le cas pour KEVIN SPACEY et SEAN CONNERY et donc il ne serait pas faux de croire que des négro-africains sont passés dans cette partie de l'Europe du Nord .
J'ai eu la confirmation aussi que le footballeur britannique de MANCHESTER UNITED à savoir RYAN GIGGS a un paternel nègre alors que çe ne se voit pas du tout " physiquement " . En effet , il a plutôt le phénotype d'un latin ou d'un sémite mais pourtant il s'avère qu'il a du sang noir mais combien de gens le savent-ils ?
D'autre part , certains patronymes anglo-saxons ( Irlandais , Anglais , Ecossais ou Américains ) sont identiques à certains patronymes négro-africains notamment MANDINGUES ou de l'Afrique de l'Ouest .
Par exemple , j'ai déjà rencontré des Blancs Américains descendant d'Irlandais pour la plupart avec des patronymes comme BARRY , WADE , KAYE , FAYE , KANE , GAYE etc... lesquels patronymes que l'on retrouve en Afrique de l'Ouest surtout chez les MANDINGUES et PEULS .
Même mon patronyme qui est 100 % négro-africain sonne anglo-saxon et d'ailleurs beaucoup de gens en Europe ou aux USA croient qu'il est d'origine anglo-saxonne alors que c'est tout le contraire et totalement faux ( il n'y a aucun anglo-saxon dans ma généalogie sûr et certain ) .
Donc je pense qu'il ne s'agit pas du tout d'un hasard ou d'une coincidence ( je ne crois pas du tout au hasard ) et que donc si certains anglo-saxons ont les mêmes patronymes que certains négro-africains , c'est qu'il y a dû avoir une présence négro-africaine en Irlande ou en Ecosse il y a des milliers d'années de celà .
J'ai toujours été curieux sur cette région du monde à savoir l'Irlande et l'Ecosse et le fait qu'un chercheur afro-américain parle d'Irlandais / d'IRISH métissés avec des nègres m'intrigue car alors mes soupçons sur un éventuel métissage entre anglo-saxons et MAURES / négro-africains qui se seraient déroulés il y a plusieurs siècles de cela s'avéreraient vrais .
Tout comme le fait que certains espagnols aient pour patronyme CAMARA ( je me souviens par exemple d'un acteur espagnol qui se nommait JAVIER CAMARA et qui était tout blanc avec un phénotype méditerranéen ou sémite ) lequel patronyme qui est très fréquent chez les MANDINGUES donc en Afrique de l'Ouest , m'intrigue énormément .
Je pense que nos ancêtres maitrisaient parfaitement la navigation maritime et qu'ils aient pu voyager très facilement il y a des milliers d'années de cela en Irlande , en Espagne , en Ecosse , en Sicile , en Corse , en Bretagne etc...
Mais bon je sais que nos chercheurs kamites du monde anglo-saxon ont déjà abattu un travail énorme sur les liens entre négro-africains et anglo-saxons depuis l'Antiquité mais je serai curieux de savoir ce que vous en pensez vous grioonautes ?
Avez-vous plus d'infos sur cette présence négro-africaine dans les nations anglo-saxonnes ( Irlande , Ecosse , Angleterre , Pays de Galles ) durant l'Antiquité jusqu'au Moyen-âge Européen ?
Je ne me rappelle plus exactement du nom d'un anthropologue / chercheur anglo-saxon ( il me semble que c'est MAC RITCHIE je ne me rappelle plus trop exactement ) qui avait écrit un livre sur la présence négro-africaine dans certains pays anglo-saxons durant l'Antiquité , je ne sais pas si certains d'entre vous connaissent ses travaux ?
Inscrit le: 06 Mai 2005 Messages: 1655 Localisation: Au sein de mon Empire
Posté le: Mer 11 Jan 2006 17:38 Sujet du message:
Elias, tes déductions pertinentes recoupent en effet les résultats des recherches menés notemment par Edward Scobie et ses collègues réunient dans l'ouvrage collectif "African Presence in Early Europe".
Je n'ai pas encore eu l'occasion de le lire, mais la plupart de ces résultats furent synthétisés et traduits en français par notre camarade Nubian et publié sur le site africamaat.
Ce dernier étant entièrement consacré à la présence kamite en Europe, je t'invite donc à y reprendre ton texte dans ce dernier afin que nous puissions poursuivre cette passionnante discussion et laisser ce topic-ci pour les questionnement d'ordre plus générale.
Inscrit le: 06 Mai 2005 Messages: 1655 Localisation: Au sein de mon Empire
Posté le: Jeu 12 Jan 2006 03:23 Sujet du message: Re: Peuples Noirs: Monde Noir, Afrique, Amériques, Inde,Méla
nallyter a écrit:
Certains panafricanistes rêvent de constituer une grande République Noire d’Océanie qui regrouperait la Nouvelle-Guinée, la Papouasie Occidentale, les Îles Fidji, Vanuatu, la Nouvelle-Calédonie ainsi que toutes les îles noires de la région afin de faire face au racisme et les agressions dont sont victimes les noirs de ces régions.
Le meilleur ouvrage sur la presence des noirs en Asie ( Elam, Suse, Syrie, Arabie,chine, Khmers, les sumeriens etc, avec une documentation EXCEPTIONNELLE) est le livre de Rashidi "African Presence in Early Asia", j'ai eu l'occasion de feuilleter la version francaise chez Menaibuc (je crois) mais il est TRES LOIN de la version anglaise.
D'ailleurs pour le Dravidien et les langues Africaines, il y a le linguiste Clyde Ahmad Winters qui a etablit une parente avec les langues mandingues ainsi qu'un chercheur senegalais qui s'appelle N'DIAYE qui a etabli une parente avec le woloff ainsi qu'un chercheur indien qui a etabli aussi des relations avec les langues negro-africaines ( je me rappel plus du nom mais vous pouvez trouver les ref pour ces deux chercheurs sur le site de Clyde Ahmad Winters).
Voici le lien pour l'article TRES INTERESSANT qui parle des parentes avec les langues negro-africaines ( wolof, serere, peul, bantous, bambara, malinke) et le dravidien.
Cultural Unity of the Dravidian and African Peoples by Clyde A. Winters
There is anthropological and linguistic data which indicate an African origin of the Dravidian speaking people of India. In this Web Page we review the facts connecting the Dravidian and African peoples.
The Dravidians have maintained their ancient African
Heritage. There are numerous affinities between Dravidian and
Black African culture and languages.
As in Africa the Dravidians built there both small and large
vessels from a single log or planks tied together. This method of
boat construction has been common in Africa since the rise of
ancient Egypt, and continues today in East Africa, Chad and
along the Niger River.
In both Africa and Dravidian India the people were organized
into various "caste" or corporations.
Many of the corporations such as that of the blacksmiths in Africa and India have corresponding names e.g., Wolof Kamara and Telugu Kamara.
The are similarities in agricultural technique in Africa and
India. For example both groups used the hoe for tilling the
ground, manuring the ground to fertilize crops, terracing
irrigation and canal building.
There are also affinities in animal husbandry, and even the names of animals.
For example:
sheep: Wolof xar, Brahui
(Dravidian) xar 'ram'; and cow: Wolof nag , Serere nak, Tamil
naku 'a female buffalo' and Tulu naku 'heifer'.
There are also similarities between the Dravidian and
African religions. For example, both groups held a common
interest in the cult of the Serpent and believed in a Supreme
God, who lived in a place of peace and tranquility. There are
also affinities between the names of many gods including
Amun/Amma and Murugan. Murugan the Dravidian god of the
mountains parallels a common god in East Africa worshipped by 25
ethnic groups called Murungu, the god who resides in the
mountains.
In addition among the ali tiravitar, the system of
inheritance passes from the uncle to his nephews, instead of to
his sons (maru makkal Tayam) as in Africa. And in both South
India and the Western Sudan of Africa, the dead were buried in
terra cotta jars.
LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE FOR INDO-AFRICAN
LINGUISTIC UNITY
1.1 Many scholars have recognized the linguistic unity of
Black African (BA) and Dravidian (Dr.) languages. These
affinities are found not only in the modern African languages but
also that of ancient Egypt. These scholars have made it clear
that lexical, morphological and phonetic unity exist between
African languages in West and North Africa as well as the Bantu
group.
Dravidian languages are predominately spoken in southern India
and Sri Lanka. There are around 125 million Dravidian speakers.
These languages are genetically related to African languages. The
Dravidians are remnants of the ancient Black population who
occupied most of ancient Asia and Europe.
1.2 K.P. Arvaanan (1976) has noted that there are ten common
elements shared by BA languages and the Dr. group. They are (1)
simple set of five basic vowels with short-long consonants;(2)
vowel harmony; (3) absence of initial clusters of consonants; (4)
abundance of geminated consonants; (5) distinction of inclusive
and exclusive pronouns in first person plural; (6) absence of
degrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs as distinct
morphological categories; (7) consonant alternation on nominal
increments noticed by different classes; (8)distinction of
completed action among verbal paradigms as against specific tense
distinction;(9) two separate sets of paradigms for declarative
and negative forms of verbs; and (l0) use of reduplication for
emphasis.
1.3 There has been a long development in the recognition
of the linguistic unity of African and Dravidian languages. The
first scholar to document this fact was the French linguist L.
Homburger (1950,1951,1957,1964). Prof. Homburger who is best
known for her research into African languages was convinced that
the Dravidian languages explained the morphology of the
Senegalese group particularly the Serere, Fulani group. She was
also convinced that the kinship existed between Kannanda and the
Bantu languages, and Telugu and the Mande group. Dr. L.
Homburger is credited with the discovery for the first time of
phonetic, morphological and lexical parallels between Bantu and
Dravidians
. For example, she noted that the Bantu infinitive with a final
-a, the subjunctive in -e, the preterit in -i or -idi,and the
doer's name in -i, are all found with identical values in
Kannanda and other Dravidian languages. Dr. Homburger also found
that both the Bantu languages and Kannanda there was the causal
suffix -is.
1.4 Prof. Tuttle (1932) also contributed to the investigation
of links between African and Dravidian languages. In a short
paper he wrote in the 1930"s he presents numerous lexical and
grammatical parallels for Dravidian and the Nubian.
1.5 One of the most interesting studies done to date on the
links between African and Dravidian languages was the work of N.
Lahovary (1963). Professor Lahovary in his review of the possible
link between the languages spoken by the founders of the major
ancient civilizations, gives a stimulating discussion of cognates
among various African languages and Dravidian (Dr.). He gives
numerous lexical examples for the ancient kinship of the
Dravidian group and BA languages, including ancient Egyptian,
Hausa, Bantu ,Nubian and Somali, to name a few.
1.6 By the 1970's numerous scholars had moved their
investigation into links between Dr. and BA languages on into the
Senegambia region. Such scholars as Cheikh T. N'Diaye (1972) a
Senegalese linguist, and U.P. Upadhyaya (1973) of India , have
proved conclusively Dr. Homburger's theory of unity between the
Dravidian and the Senegalese languages.
1.7 C.T. N'Diaye, who studied Tamil in India, has
identified nearly 500 cognates of Dravidian and the Senegalese
languages.
Upadhyaya (1973) after field work in Senegal
discovered around 509 Dravidian and Senegambian words that show
full or slight correspondence.
1.8 As a result of the linguistic evidence the Congolese
linguist Th. Obenga suggested that there was an Indo-African
group of related languages. To prove this point we will discuss
the numerous examples of phonetic, morphological and lexical
parallels between the Dravidian group: Tamil (Ta.), Malayalam
In this Web page we learn about the linguistic relationship between the Dravidian, Mande, Elamite and Sumerian languages.
A genealogical relationship exist between the Black African, Dravidian, Elamite and Sumerian languages. This is not surprising because African languages were used by Rawlinson, to decipher the cuneiform script.
We must consider the historical link between languages assumed to possess a genealogical relationship, although they are separated by thousands of miles. The anthropological factors involved in determining a genealogical relationship is the scientific study of the cognate origin, and the physical, social and cultural development and behavior of related groups. This has already been done in the earlier chapters in regards to the
Black African, Puntite and Dravidian languages. We have already shown that there is a connection between the basic vocabularies and identical constituent structures and grammatical categories.
The Elamites, Dravidians, Sumerians and Manding are all of
Proto-Saharan origin . In the history of mankind they were called the Kushites . Testimony of the great heritage of the Kushites, resulted from their boldness in trade and seafaring expeditions. The authors of ancient Indian literature claimed that the Kushites ruled the world for 7000 years. According to Epiphanies, the age of the Kushites extended from the Flood to the age of Terah, the father of Abraham, the prophet of the Jews and Muslims.
In the ancient inscriptions of Africa and Asia the Kushites were called many names including Kush, and Ethiopian by the Greeks and Romans. In Sumerian inscriptions the Kushites were called Meluha=Kasi < Kush . There is historical evidence that suggest that the name Meluha, was a geographical name for the Africans who lived in the area of Nubia and Northwest Africa.
The people of Nubia are mostly associated with the name Kushite were the C-Group culture group, worshipers of Amon and Neith . The Egyptian term for these people was K-'-sh and K-'-sh-i. The Hebrews called them Kush. In the cuneiform inscriptions the Sudanese were called Kushiya.
Elamite Inscription
The Kushites belonged to the Maa confederation. As a result of this Kushite origin in Asia we find many place names with the term Kush, e.g.,the Kushana of Central Asia, Kashmere and Hindu Kush .
According to the Matsya, an ancient book from India, the world belonged to the Kushites or Saka (as they are sometimes called) for 7000 years. In the Mahabharata, the Sakadvipa is the 'land of the [Kushites] Sakas. The seven mountains of Sakadvipa were named Meru, Malaya, Jaladhara, Raivata, Syama, Durgasaila and Kesara.
The Meru of Indian literature may be none other than the Meroe of the Sudan, or a primeval Meroe that was long ago lost to cataclysm. The four kingdoms of the Saka were Maga (Manga), Masaka, Mansa and Mandaga. The Maga, reminds us of the Magians or the Maka of the Persian inscriptions. The Masakas, in the Mahabharata, are called Kastriyas. The Mandagas or Manda were also probably Mada or the Medes. These Medians may have had a connection with the ancient Mande speakers of Africa, especially
the Manding who often accompanied the Dravidians out of Middle Africa into Asia. This would explain the close relationship between Elamite and the Manding languages.
Place names offer testimony to the ancient inhabitants of an area. Because whereas languages and the people who spoke them may disappear from a region place names of important areas will remain constant.
There are similar place names found in the Sudan and Asia. Prof. Bator Vamos Toth, an expert on the ancient Tamana culture has found 21 suffixes, and hundreds of place names that link the Sudan and Asia . For example , Dr. Vamos Toth has noted that there is a Kar-nak in Egypt and Kar-nak in Central Asia. Other common place names affixes include -bura,-dan, -kara, -tal and -ur.
An Elamite
Dr. Vamos Toth has illustrated how the inhabitants of the Carpathian Valley and other cultures around the world share a similar culture.In all the countries sharing place names Dr. Bator found a common toponym: Tamana. He therefore calls this ancestral culture/civilization Tamana. It is interesting to note that the Proto-Saharans formerly lived in these areas.
The word Tamana means 'great place'. These ancient Tamana sites were probably forts established in areas occupied by hostile non Proto-Saharan speaking peoples.
The Kushites when they migrated from Middle Africa to Asia called themselves Kushites. This is most evident in place names and the names of gods. The Kassites, chief rulers of Iran occupied the central part of the Zagros. The Kassite god was called Kashshu, which was also the name of the people. The K-S-H, name element is also found in India. For example Kishkinthai, was the name applied to an ancient Dravidian kingdom in South India. Also it should be remembered that the Kings of Sumer, were
often referred to as the " Kings of Kush".
The major Kushite tribe in Central Asia was called Kushana. The Kushan of China were Ta Yueh-ti or "the Great Lunar Race". Along the Salt Swamp, there was a state called Ku-Shih of Tibet. The city of K-san, was situated in the direction of Kushan, which was located in the Western part of the Gansu Province of China.
In this chapter we will explain how the Elamite, Dravidian, Manding and Sumerian languages diverged from a common Paleo-African language.The ancient Proto-Saharans from their literature and culture appear to have descended from a common ancestor. This sociolinguistic reality of a number of related groups 5000 years ago is proven by a comparison of terms from
Dravidian (D.), Elamite (E.) , Manding (M.), and Sumerians (S.), which show shared features retained during a process of divergence from a common ancestor.
There is no area of linguistic structure which can totally resist change, but that area of language least accessible to foreign influence is the basic vocabulary. The basic vocabulary of a language is that sector of the lexicon, which comprise the basic elements of one's culture the division of the body and biological activities such as eating, sleeping and etc.
But the lexical comparisons are not enough to prove a genealogical relationship, because grammar and morphology holds precedence over phonology and syntax. As a result below I will elucidate the interrelationships between Dravidian (Dr.), Elamite, Manding (M.) and Sumerian and the common retention rate within the members of these Proto-Saharan languages.
The Proto-Saharan languages are agglutinative. In these languages subject (S), verb (V), object (O) is the order of the basic constituents.
VOWELS
There are numerous examples of phonetic, morphological, and lexical parallels between Elamite, Dravidian, Manding and Sumerian. For example,there is a system of five basic vowels and three-fold distinction of lip rounded and rounded.
i u ii uu
e o ee oo
a aa
CONSONANTS
The Proto-Saharan consonants are:
p t l n
b d k z
f s g kp
w r h gb
m n y
In the Proto-Saharan languages the initial /s/ and /k/ ;and /d/ and /t/ are interchangeable e.g., *ka and *sa 'great', and *ta and *da 'place'. Among the Manding and other African languages there are doubly articulated stops /kp/ and /gb/ . In addition, in all these languages /l/ and /r/ does not occurs initially.
The Proto-Saharan consonants are the following:
g remains unchanged or is replaced by k
k " " " " " " g
l and r are interchangeable
d and t are interchangeable
b remains unchanged or is replaced by p or f
p " " " " " " b
m remains unchanged
n normal remains unchanged
n palatal is replaced by l
d remains unchanged of replaced by t
t " " " " " d
The Proto-Saharan consonantal system is the following:
The Proto-Saharan languages share locative constructions. These directional elements can be simple or compound. Common suffixial directional elements include:
Elamite Sumerian English Manding
-ak and ka
kuttu so,also,as ka
-hi this ni
ukku ku on ku, kuna
-ma -na in,at na
itaka da with la, ti
-na of -no
-lina -ta for -ti
Common directional elements include:
ma -a in na
imma, ni out,of ma, no
ikku (ikki) -ra to koro
lina ta for ti
mar from a place ma 'area,land'
itaka da with la, ti
All the Proto-Saharan languages share certain grammatical features. Those grammatical elements shared by Dravidian, Elamite, Sumerian and Black African languages include 1) vowel harmony, 2) absence of initial clusters of consonants, 3) abundance of geminated consonants,4) distinction of inclusive and exclusive pronouns in first person plural, 5) absence of
degrees of comparison for adjectives and adverbs as distinct morphological categories, 6) consonant alteration on nominal increments noticed by different classes,7) distinction of completed action among verbal paradigms as against specific tense distinction and 9) use of reduplication for emphasis (and plural).
AFFIXES
In the Dravidian, Egyptian, Elamite, Manding and Dravidian languages words are formed by adding an affix to a radical. In this section we will discuss certain aspects of shared Proto-Saharan morphology.
In these languages suffixes are usually used to create words. These suffixes can be a single consonant (C) or vowel (V), or a monosyllabic form (CV). The most common suffix in Dravidian, Egyptian, Elamite, Manding and Sumerian are the postfixes -ki, -ka and -ta , which are used to denote clans, nationality, lands and countries .
PLURAL
In the Proto-Saharan languages the plural is formed by adding -u,-w,-ba, -pa and -lu.In Egyptian, the -w suffix is used to form the plural. In the Dravidian (Dr.) . languages the plural if formed by -lu, especially in Telugu. In the Manding (M) group, and other African languages we find -lu or -u (-w), e.g., M. mogo 'husband,(pl.) mogo-lu 'husbands'; Telugu magaadu 'husband , man', (pl.) magaalu 'husbands'.
In many Black African languages ba means 'abundance, many'. In Elamite pa or fa is used to make plural numbers, e.g., ko-fa inna 'of the Kings', Bapitu fa-pa "to the Babylonians". The use of -pa, by the Elamites corresponds to the Manding use of the -ba suffix , which is joined to nouns to denote the idea of greatness, physical or moral e.g., na-folo 'good,rich'
, no-folo-ba 'great fortune'; and so-kalo 'piece', so-kala-ba 'considerable quarter of a village'.
NEGATIVE
In Black African languages including Egyptian the -n, is used to show negation. In Egyptian we often find -nn, e.g., nn wn 'there is nothing'. In Elamite the negative is formed by an uninflected nominal derivative in -n (active participle), e.g., ink 'I not", inr 'he not' and ani 'not'. This suffix is analogous to the M. negative suffix -na, employed as a suffix to -ka, e.g., ka na ku na tara so "I did not say I was going to the house" .
In Tamil the negative verbal participle is formed by suffixing a-mal or a-mei, e.g., sey (y)-a-mal 'without stopping'. The Tamil suffix -mei is also used as a termination for abstract nouns.
The negative suffix in Manding is -na, which is proceeded by ka and nt'i, e.g., kalu mba-nt'i. In Sumerian the negation of the verb is expressed by the prefixes nu- or la-, e.g., nu-zu "not to know", la-gin "not to fix" and nu-dug "not good. The optative mood are negatived by the element na,na-ma-pad "she may not".
PARTICLES
In Elamite personal nouns are formed by adding -ra, e.g., Kellira 'commander', kutira 'bearer'. This relates to the Manding suffix of the past and present participle -ra, this particle is used to make verbs passive or active, e.g., kyi 'send', kyi-ra 'messenger', gyi (ji) 'dry up', gyi-ra 'arid'.
In Sumerian the dative is expressed by the suffix -ra, which may appear in the form of -ar, -ir , and -ur, e.g., ma-ra 'to me', lugal-e-a-ra ' to the owner of the house'. This parallels the Manding locative suffix -ra, and -la , which can represent 'to,or, for, in ', e.g., tu-ra 'in the forest'.
The Elamite indefinite article is -ra, e.g., Parsar-ra 'a Persian', Afartu-ra 'an Elamite'. This corresponds to the Manding locative suffix -ra, e.g., Ton-ra 'land of Ton'.
The Proto-Saharan languages share the present participle -tu/-to. In Telugu (Tel.),the suffix -tu , is used as the present participle while in the Manding languages -to has the same function e.g., Tel. chestu 'made', M.tege 'to cut', tege-to 'cutting'.
The active participle in Elamite is -n, e.g., talu-n 'writing', or hali-n 'toiling'. This corresponds to the Manding -ni and -li elements e.g., sa 'buy', sanni 'buying', or du-mu 'eat', dumu-ni 'eating'. This -n, active participle is found in many other Black African languages including Egyptian.
The use of the -ka element is frequently found in the formation of Dravidian, Elamite, Egyptian, Manding and Sumerian languages. In Egyptian as outlined by Cheikh Anta Diop, in Nouvelles Recherches Sur l' Egyptien Ancien et Langues Negro-Africaines Modernes (pp.55-57), he outlines the use of /k/ and /t/ , to form agent nouns. In Parente genetique de l'Egyptien Pharonique et des langues Negro-Africaines (p.1, Diop explains the evolution of the -ky, and -kt particles.
In Elamite the passive participle is formed by -ka, e.g., hulta-ka 'done', turu-ka 'said'. This corresponds to the Manding -ka 'make, do',e.g., nyine 'see', nyini-ka 'interogate'.
In the Dravidian and Manding languages -ka, is used to represent the verb 'to be', as well as the subjunctive. For example in Manding languages ka, is a particle of different values, which corresponds to -kaa, the infinitive element in Telugu of the verb ag-uta 'to become'. In Tamil this
element appears as aaga. For example, in Manding we have a ka-nye 'it's good'; and in Telugu kaa valenu 'it is necessary'. The same radical -ka represents the optative form in Telugu, e.g., aapani mundara kani 'how is labor given first place?'
In the Dravidian languages the suffixes -ke, -ge and -ka are used as the primitive verb 'to be' or 'to do'. They are usually used with abstract nouns e.g., ol 'to reign', ol-ka 'domination'. This corresponds to the Manding verb 'to do' ke , which is often joined to -la to form derived nouns e.g., sene 'cultivate', sene-li ke-la 'cultivator'.
The lexical evidence above supports the hypothesis that a genetic relationship exist between Black African languages, Dravidian, Elamite and Sumerian. This linguistic data illustrates that a common cultural macrostructure is shared by these speakers which subsequently evolved along separate lines. Given this genetic unity of these languages we should call this group of Paleo-African languages situated in Africa and Asia B(lack) Af(rican), S(umerian, Draa(vidian), (E)lam: or Bafsudraalam subset of the Proto-Saharan Superset of languages.(Winters 1989)
The theory of borrowing in ancient time can not account for these morphological, lexicological and phonetic correspondences between Dravidian , Elamite, Egyptian, Manding and Sumerian, because of geographical discontinuity. This cognition illustrates a genetic relationship between the Bafsudraalam subset of the Proto-Saharan family of languages.
Winters (l989) in a comparison of 100 lexical items from Manding and Dravidian indicated a cognate rate of 70 to 75 percent . The retention rate corresponds to a minimum separation of 1.18 millennia.
Using the standard rates of retention for glottochronology, the rate for corresponding Manding, Sumerian and Tamil terms together is 50 percent retention rate, and suggest a minimum length of separation of 2.29 millennia for the group as a whole.(Winters 1989) But when we compare Manding-Sumerian
the retention rate is 70 percent or a minimum length of separation of 1.18 millennia. A comparison of Sumerian-Tamil corresponds to a 57 percent retention rate or a minimum separation of 1.50 millennia.
The length of separations for these languages are far too recent. We know for example that Sumerian had been absorbed by the Akkadian language much earlier then 2.29 millennia ago. This inaccuracy of glottochronology is one reason why Anta Diop is opposed to this linguistic method.
The conservative nature of these languages can be explained by socio-cultural factors. You see all languages do not change as rapidly as others. Dr. Diop, in The African Origins of Civilization, observes that "understandably stable societies man's language has changed less with the passage of time".
The linguistic evidence explains the appearance of similar artifacts recovered from Iran (Elam) , the Indus Valley and Egyptian archaeological excavations. The cultural features and works of art are analogous because these people came from a common origin in the ancient Saharan region of Africa.
By the World Today's Andrew Whitehead
Long before the first slave ships started supplying labour to the cotton plantations of the American south, and many centuries before the first Africans were brought ashore to the sugar estates of Brazil and the Caribbean, Africans were being sold as slave-soldiers for India's princely states.
Their descendants are the least visible part of the huge African diaspora.
But today in India, almost lost among the mosaic of different cultures and communities in that country, are tens of thousands of people of African descent.
They are known as Sidis.
Slavery
Although they came at first as slaves, they were so successful as fighters that they at times usurped power from the rulers they were supposed to be serving.
Most have lost touch with their roots
Yet they are now struggling at the margins of Indian society.
"The Sidis are descendants of African slaves, sailors and servants, and merchants who remained in India after arriving through the sea trade with East Africa and the Gulf," says Amy Catlin of the University of California, who is making a special study of Sidi culture.
"That was a process which began in the 12th century or before, and lasted until the late 19th century".
Lost touch
Some Sidis are keenly aware of their past, and a few remain in touch with relatives in Africa.
But in the western Indian state of Gujarat - where most Sidis live - the community has lost touch with its roots.
The village of Jambur, deep in the Gir forest, is one of two exclusively Sidi settlements.
It is miserably poor.
The headman explains that yes, everyone in Jambur is a Sidi.
Their forbears came from Africa.
But they have lost any knowledge of African languages, and don't know where exactly their ancestors came from or why they settled in India.
Music and dance
The only remnant they retain of their African lineage is their music and dance.
The Sidi community is very poor
This is what Professor Catlin, an ethno-musicologist, hopes to use to fill in the story of the Sidis.
"In Gujarat, affinities with African music include certain musical instruments and their names", she says, "and also the performance of an African-derived musical genre called "goma".
In the nearby town of Junagadh, a smaller group of Sidis lives alongside the shrine of Bava Gor, an ancient Sufi Muslim holyman who was himself of African descent.
Their hold on their African past is a little more secure.
They say they know a few songs in an African language, but not their meaning.
And their dance is more obviously African.
But again, their music, song and dance are the only links with their African past.
Amy Catlin believes that the Sidis of western India came from coastal and inland villages in east Africa which were raided by slave traders.
But that's far from certain.
Indeed, one legend has it that the Sidis of inland Gujarat originally came from Kano in northern Nigeria, and ended up in India after undertaking a Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.
Music may be the only key that can unlock their past.
Dernière édition par Kennedy le Ven 24 Fév 2006 04:07; édité 1 fois
A Pictorial Essay on an African Indian Community
in the Southwestern India
Last Updated on: January 24,2006
During colonial years, Europeans brought with them several people of African origin to India as labor. Most of them set themselves free thanks to complicated mosaic of kingdom boundaries and a dense forest cover and have come to be known as Siddis. Siddis are completely Indianized - they speak local languages, practice local religions including Hinduism, Islam and Roman Catholic.
Some Indians of African origin, settled in India since the medieval times are also sometimes referred to as Siddis.
Dernière édition par Kennedy le Ven 24 Fév 2006 04:15; édité 2 fois
magnifique j'en suis epoustouflée ! _________________ "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life."
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) , on apprend qu'il y avait aussi bien des nègres en Asie , en Amérique ( Californie , Mexique , Caraibes bien avant Christophe Colomb ) , en Asie et Océanie comme quoi , le monde noir est très très vaste ( " 1.4 billion of blacks " nous apprend l'auteur du site hallucinant quoi 
moi qui croyait qu'on était 900 millions au grand maximum ) .
) et que donc si certains anglo-saxons ont les mêmes patronymes que certains négro-africains , c'est qu'il y a dû avoir une présence négro-africaine en Irlande ou en Ecosse il y a des milliers d'années de celà .
, Diop explains the evolution of the -ky, and -kt particles.
